BIO X. BIO XII, NOTABLE, EXPERIMENTS, SURVEY.
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Haemophilia: Haemophilia is a genetical disease. Expression of this disease occurs in Male while female remain as carrier. This is because human being has one pair of sex chromosome and in that pair it may comprise XY or XX chromosome and if it is XY then it is Male in Humans and if it is XX then it is Female in Humans. Haemophilia is a sex linked recessive disease. It is due to the recessive gene on X chromosome. In case of human female there is the occurrence of two X chromosome, so if in one of the X chromosome the gene for haemophilia is there, than in female there is the occurrence of another X which gives its expression. But in case of Male there is the occurrence of one X chromosome and if that X chromosome has the gene for Haemophilia than the expression of Haemophilia occurs in the male. Therefore, females are carrier and ifmales have the gene then they are infected and diseased.
In this disease , a single protein that is part of the cascade of proteins involved in the clotting of blood is affected. Due to this, if there is a minor cut then blood keep on coming out. The disease is therefore transmitted to a son from a carrier mother. It is also known by another name as Bleeding disease or RoyalDisease. Royal Disease named because males of Queen Victoria in different generations suffered from this disease.
Traditionally Eri –silk comes from the caterpillar Samia
ricinin, foundin the North Eastern part of India ,
specially in the Dima Hasao district of Assam . The woolly whitesilk is often referredto as“ Fabric of Peace” as it is processed without killing the silk worm. The
heavy rainfall and humid environmental conditionsin Umrangso encourages the growth of Eri silk
worm.
Silk is extracted
from eri silkworm. People in and aroundUmrangso (Dt- Dima Hasao, Assam ) are
engaged in the production of silk traditionally. For that they constructa thatched house where they keep the leaves
of castor plants. In this leavesmoth of
eri worm lays eggs and the leaves are also used as food by them. After few
dayseggs develop into larva. The next
stage is the pupa, in this stage it gives out fiber from its mouth which
surrounds the complete caterpillar and that becomes cocoon . Then the cultivator cut a portion of the cocoonand take out the worm or they may put it in
the hot water from where thread is extracted. Butin case of Umrangsocultivators are found to cut the portion of
cocoon and take out the worms, which is again kept for future use.
A female silk moth lays
hundred of eggs at a time. The eggs are stored carefullyon strips of cloth or paper and sold to
silkworm farmers. The farmers keep the eggs under hygienic conditions of
temperature and humidity. The eggs are warmed for a suitable temperaturefor the larva to hatch from eggs. This is
done when mulberrytree develops fresh
leaves. The larvae which is also called as caterpillar eat day and night and
develops its size enormously. The larvae are kept in clean bamboo trays along
with the leaves of mulberry. After 25 to 30 days the caterpillars stop eating and move to a tiny chamber of bambooin tray to spin cocoons . The caterpillar or
silk worm spin the cocoon inside which develops rearing and reeling . After
completing this, I went for thenext
part regarding the procedure employed for handloom production from silk fibre.
I have taken 3 to 4 places of Umrangso for the surveyand better information. People
in this area have a sound traditional knowledge in silk production but it need
to be blended with the scientific knowledge. As the people of this region is
not getting a good market to sell their finished products so they are reluctant
to devote huge time. Moreover seeds are also very costly to start the
livelihood.
Some steps from my end I have taken to popularise the
hand loom production for our locality which can also be viewed in broader aspect. Kindly
view the video of self made taat sahl.
Medicinal Plant - Triclisia species: Triclisia sp. in Dimasa language is called Duser plant. It is slender woody liane which is found extensively in Dima Hasao district of Assam, specially in Umrangso. From the time immemorial people are woody vines to cure their disease. When I have conducted survey here with my students then number of things came to light. The people of this area use the water extract of the plant to cure the diseases like- Jaundice , Malaria etc. Moreover water extract of the Duser plant has high quantity of minerals and that helps in keeping them physically fit.
The tree generally grows in dense forest area of the region, they are liane means they are rooted in the soil but the woody stem take vertical support of woody plants to encircle around it.The villagers cut the woody vine twice. First cutting in the selected portion and the second cutting is given around one hand above the first cutting and water rushes out very fast (generally in summer) which can fill bottle easily. The water extract is then collected and used for curing many disease like - Jaundice , Malaria and any other liver related ailments. Till date there is no medicine against Jaundice but the people of this locality are using water extract of the plant is found to be successful. These water activates the liver and help the person to become healthy within a short period of time.
Other benefits found from the water extract are as follows-
1) The water is very cold and people consume it in water scarcity hills regions of Dima Hasao , Assam.
Dima Hasao is one the most naturally beautiful district of
Assam. People of this district practice herbs and leaves of the plants for the
treatment of their diseases . The reason is that the medical centre is very far
away from the basti and villages and people are relatively very poor but the
traditional values and the knowledge about the plant that has been passed to
them by their forefather is commendable. Out of many herbs , leaves , barks and
trees they use for the treatment , I have selected right now Alumikri plant.
Alumikri plant’s scientific name is BegoniaroxburghiiA.D.C
and belongs to the family Begoniaceae.
Itis very much widely distributed in
the DimaHasao District of Assam and specifically found extensively in Umrangso.
The plant grows well in the moist and shady places and generally they flourish
near the bank of the river or sides of a canal where it is where it is moist,
rainy and shady. Every part of the plant is very important for the villagers.
Alumikri is the house hold name in the district and it is considered to be very
sacred. Any ailment related to stomach when occurs among the villagers then
Alumikri has the answer for it. Different types of ailment of the stomach like severe stomach pain, Loose Motion, Dysentery
and Diarrhea then the people of this region consumes tuber of Alumikriand within a short period of time they regain
their previous health.
Plant generally attains a height of about onefeet . The plant has a tuber and that tuber has a high medicinal
property. People takes out a very little portion of the tuber from the plant
and grind it with little amount of water . After grinding properly it is mixed with
little bit more water and then filtered. After the filtration they keep the filtrate
and throw away the residue and with the
filtrate they cure different types of ailment related to stomach.
Other than
that of medicinal value the plant also finds a place among the people of Dima Hasao
as vegetable. The leaves are sour in taste and have many recopiesfor its curry preparation.
The plant leaves has high accumulation of minerals and nutrients in it. And inclusion
of this plant in their diet keeps the villagers away from diseases.
The stem of the plant has huge water store in it , so when
people go for tracking they eat the stem to get warter. Plants also bears red
fruits which are also eaten by the people
Medicinal Dose: At first small portion of Alumikri plant’s tuber is made paste with
little bit of water, then it is filtered and filtrate is taken. In the filtrate
100ml of water is mixed and the mixture become ready to be used as medicine.
Generally villagers take two spoonful of the prepared mixture in the morning as
well as in evening.
Thisplant can also be
grown in villagers houses in pot. For that we have to keep the plant in shady
places and regularly give needed dose of water.
Reproduction in Plants : Reproduction in plants can be divided into two main parts, one is Asexual and other is Sexual. In case of Asexual reproduction one parent is sufficient to produce an organism. In case of Asexual reproduction there is no gamete formation or neither zygote is formed. But in case of Sexual reproduction there is the need of two parents. Each of the parent produces a gamete and two gametes from two parents unite together to form zygote. Zygote later on forms the organism. In case of Sexual reproduction as two parents are involved so there is the occurrence of variation in the next generation or off spring. But in case of Asexual reproduction as one parent take part in the formation of an organism so there variation does not takes place.Variation plays a great role in evolution
PHOTOSYNTHESIS:Photosynthesis is a process by which a plant prepares its food in presence of sunlight. For this process plant needs carbon dioxide and water which comes from air and soil respectively. The process occurs in the chlorophyll of the leaves. Product of the photosynthesis is carbohydrates and it gives out oxygen.
STOMATA: Stomata are minute pores present on the surface of the leaves.Generally the number of stomata are more on the lower surface than on the upper surface. Stomata helps in the exchange of gases and transpiration. Plants perform photosynthesis by taking carbon dioxide through stomata and gives out oxygen in this process through the stomata. In respiration plants takes oxygen through stomata. Excess amount of water from the plant body is also given out through stomata, this is called transpiration.
