NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:

NUTRITION IN HUMAN BEINGS:Other than plants, all the organisms in this world are consumer. Consumer cannot prepare their own food , they depend upon plants to get their food.So all the organisms other than plants are called as  heterotrophs . Human beings are also heterotrophs. Human beings mainly take six different types of food - they are  Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats , Vitamins, Minerals and water. Out of these six different types of food - Protein, Carbohydrates, Fats are called  complex food and other three Vitamins, Minerals and water are called simple food. Food are termed as complex and simple based on the digestion and absorption by the epithelial lining of the alimentary canal.

Even though our alimentary canal starts from mouth and ends in the anus  but there is specific site for the digestion of  each type of food. So out of six different types of food only complex food material, digestion is complicated process and we need to understand them very clearly to understand the whole  process of digestion.

Protein when get digested break down to form amino acids. Carbohydrates after digestion forms glucose and fructose and fats on digestion gives fatty acids and glycerol.

We also need to know, the source from where we get get our six components of food. 

We get Protein from - eggs, meat, fish , soybean, pulses , milk etc. 

Carbohydrates we get from  Rice, potato, maize , barley., wheat etc., 

Fats we get  from Oil, ghee, butter and all the milk products.

Minerals we get from Fruits, vegetables etc.

Vitamins from fruits, vitamins etc and  Water.

Along with these food we also need Roughage which provide us fibre for eliminating the waste from our body. Cabbage is the best example.

Now ,we also need to know function of each type food -

Protein builds our body and heals the wounds.

Carbohydrates give us energy to do our daily activites.

Fats serve as stored energy, When there is need of severe energy in the body then fats supply that energy.

Vitamins and Minerals protect our body from germs.

And water helps in transportation.

Theses are the basic knowledge in Digestion before we give our steps in knowing the mechanism of digestion in our body.

 

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HUMAN SPERM

HUMAN SPERM: Human sperm is the haploid gamete of the Male. By the process of spermatogenesis there is there is formation of sperm.Germ cells undergo Mitosis division followed by Meiosis finally haploid sperm is formed which is n, having 23 number of chromosomes. A sperm generally consist of following parts - Head , Neck, Middle piece and Tail. 

Head is a rounded or globular structure. It contains nucleus, cytoplasm and other granules. Nucleus contains chromosomes and it has in it DNA -the genetic material or the hereditary material.Externally the head is covered by a membrane . Anterior portion of the head there is the occurrence of Acrosome. Acrosome helps in dissolving the membrane that surrounds the Egg.

  

Next to Head is the Neck. Neck posses two centrioles, they are named as Proximal centriole and the Distal centriole. Proximal centrioles plays a great role in the first cleavage of the zygote and Distal centrioles helps in the formation of Axial filament.

Middle piece is more in length than Head or Neck portion. It contains Mitochondria. Mitochondria is the store house of  energy ie. ATP. This energy is needed by the sperm to swim inside the female grnital tract.

Finally we find the tail.Tail is the long slender structure which is the  cytoplasmic extension.  Tail helps in the movement of the sperm.

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RESPIRATION IN HUMANS

 Respiration in Humans; Human beings has a well defined respiratory system Air that we breathe in enters through the nostrils which are line by hairs to filter the air that enters, Nostrils are also lined with mucous which is sticky in nature and absorbs any dust and other particles that enters, After that air passes through trachea. Trachea has rings of cartilage which prevents from collapsing if air enters through  great force.

 Trachea bifurcate after descending a little and forms two bronchi . Bronchi  then enters the Lungs.and inside the lungs it branches to form fine network like structure called bronchiloes. Human being posses a pair of lungs. Functional unit of lungs is called as Alvulus ( pl.Alveoli). It is a sac or balloon like structure. Alveoli is surrounded by blood capillaries and helps in the exchange of gasses.

Process of respiration in human can be divided into two main parts - Inhalation and Exhalation or Inspiration and Expiration. In inhalation or inspiration we take oxygen from the mixture of gases and in exhalation or expiration we give out carbondioxide as waste gas from our body. Different organs of our body like ribs, diaphragm, intercostal muscles etc.plays a great role in the process of respiration.

RESPIRATION

 Respiration: Respiration is a biochemical process in which the food materials are broken down to give energy. We human beings and other higher organism  take oxygen to break down the food materials to get energy. The food that we take is glucose and glucose is six carbon molecule. In the first step six carbon compound glucose breaks down in the  cytoplasm to give pyruvic acid. Pyruvic acid is also called as pyruvate which is a three carbon molecule. After the formation of pyruvate, next step differ from organism to organism. In lower organism like Yeast, Bacteria etc. braking down of pyruvate takes place in absence of oxygen, this is called as fermentation and produces Energy, Ethanol and carbon dioxide. Process is also termed as Anaerobic process.

 In our case and all the higher organism Pyruvic acid breaks down to form Energy, Carbon dioxide and moisture. Here the breaking down of pyruvic acid takes place in presence of oxygen so it is termed as Aerobic process.

Sometimes there may be lack of oxygen in our muscles  even though our respiration is aerobic then this type of respiration is termed as Lack of oxygen respiration. It leads to the formation of  Lactic acid and releases energy.Due to the accumulation of lactic acid it leads to the occurrence of  cramps.

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STRUCTURE OF OVUM

 

Structure Of Ovum: After the process of oogenesis -  an egg or the ovum is formed . Egg is released during the ovulation phase.

 

 Ovum is rounded, non motile cell. It is almost  free of  yolk and is called as alecithal. It has abundant cytoplasm , called ooplasm. It has a nucleus called as Germinal vesicle and there is the prominent occurrence of nucleolus. The nucleolus is surrounded by plasma membrane called  oolemma.  

There are no centrioles in the ovum. The ovum shows polarity. Its side which extrudes polar bodies called animal pole. The opposite side is called vegetal  pole. The ovum is enclosed by two additional egg coats: inner thin, transparent , non cellular zona pellucid and outer thick corona radiate.  

Zona  Pellucida is secreted by ovum itself and is called primary egg membrane. It is formed of three different glycol proteins. The corona radiate is formed of radically elongated follicular cells.

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GAMETOGENESIS : OOGENESIS

 

Gametogenesis –Oogenesis:  Gametogenesis is the process of formation of gametes. It is divided into two parts - Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperms and Oogenesis is the formation of egg or ova.

The process of formation of mature female gamete is called oogenesis.   It is divided into following stages ;

a)Multiplication Phase

b)Growth Phase

c) Maturation phase

Multiplication Phase –At the time of fetus development inside the mother’s womb there is the occurrence of another development in female that is the development of Egg mother cells or oogonia. No more oogonia are formed and added after birth. The egg mother cells or oogonia are larger cells with large nuclei and other constituents. These cells undergo mitosis division and increases in number. Oogonia are diploid or 2n having 46 chromosomes. Oogonial cells after the formation in huge number project into the stroma as a cord then becomes a round mass called the egg nest. One of the cell of the egg nest grows and becomes the primary oocytes. It is the future ovum. Other oogonia surrounds around the primary oocytes   to protect and give nourishment. Primary oocytes cells starts division and enters into the prophase I of the meiotic division but get temporarily arrested at this stage.

Growth Phase- In the growth phase development of primary oocytes takes place. Here along with the development of primary oocytes , follicle development also takes place. So this phase shows the development of Graulosa cells, Primary follicles, theca cells , secondary follicles etc.  It is a very long phase.

Maturation phase : In this phase, Primary oocytes completes its first meiosis and then second meiosis. In meiosis cell division there is the occurrence of 4 cells, here also it occurs but are all the cells that are formed not same. Out the four cells that develop here, 3 are small and is called as polar bodies and one is only big that is the egg or ootid.

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BLOOD CIRCULATION : HUMAN HEART

BLOOD CIRCULATION : HUMAN HEART - Human heart is a muscular organ and it is the size of our fist. Heart is the central pumping and pumps blood to the different parts of the body. Heart consist of four chambers- two Auricles and two Ventricles. The chambers are named as right and left- auricles and ventricles. The heart is placed in between the lungs.The heart is protected by double wall membrane called pericardium. In between the two layers of pericardium there is the occurrence of  pericardial fluid, which protect the heart from heat, shock etc. 

Some of the points regarding Heart we need to know before knowing circulation , like-

Impure blood from different parts of the body reaches the heart through veins. Impure blood is also called Deoxygenated Blood. 

Pure Blood from the heart reaches different part of the Aorta. Arteries carry pure blood . Pure blood is also known as oxygenated blood

Pulmonary Artery is the only artery in our body that carries impure blood.

Pulmonary Vein is the only vein in our body that carries pure blood.

Blood from the heart goes to the lungs for purification. In this case impure blood from right ventricle moves to the lungs. In the lungs purification of blood takes place. Blood from Deoxygenated become oxygenated. 

Colour of the heart is brown, where as auricles are lighter than ventricles. And again out of the two ventricles left ventricle is darker. The reason behind the dark colour is that both the auricle pour its blood to ventricles which are located below the auricles. But auricles need to pump blood outside the heart.

Left ventricle is darker than right ventricle because the left ventricle need to pump blood to different parts of the body where as right auricle pumps blood to the lungs.

Transportation of blood takes place through definite vessels called blood vessels. Different types of blood vessels are Arteries, veins and capillaries.

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GAMETOGENESIS : SPERMATOGENESIS

Gametogenesis is the process of formation of gametes. It is divided into two parts - Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis. Spermatogenesis is the formation of sperms and Oogenesis is the formation of egg or ova.

Spermatogenesis is the process of formation of  sperms. A sperm is haploid and the cells from where it develops are diploid, so the process of formation of sperms need to pass through number of stages.The process of sperm formation starts when a boy reaches his puberty, generally around 15 years of age.

 The stages can be divided as follows:

1) Multiplication Phase

2)Growth Phase

3)Maturation Phase

4) Formation of Spermatozoa

In Multiplicative phase, the cells that are present in the seminiferous tubule under go division. This division is mitotic division and helps in increasing the number of cells without undergoing reduction in the constituents of the cell. It is Mitosis division. The male germ cells are also called as Spermatogonia.

After the multiplicative phase occurs the growth phase. Here in this phase Spermatogonia start growing. It accumulates huge amount of cytoplasm, DNA undergo replication and its size increases. They are now referred to as primary spermatocytes. The growth phase is also called as spermatocytogenesis. 

Next phase is the maturation phase, in this phase the spermatocytes undergo division. This division is meiotic division. Meiotic division is a reduction  division as from diploid condition the cells become haploid. Here from 23pairs of chromosome ie 46 number of chromosomes  become 23, so haploid. This leads to the formation of Spermatids.

Spermatids finally get transformed into spermatozoa. This process of formation of spermatozoa from spermatids is called Spermiogenesis.

MENSTRUAL CYCLE:

 MENSTRUAL CYCLE: The gametes formation in females takes about 28 days( it varies from female to female but average taken to be 28 days).In this cycle, rhythmic changes occur in the reproductive organ of female primates ( Monkeys, apes and human being). The first menstruation begins at puberty   ( on set of reproductive phase, in female it generally starts from the age of 12 years) and it is called menarche. Human female's fertility period extend from around 12 years to Menopause at about 45 - 50 years. Menopause is the term given when in woman's life ovulation and menstruation stops. During the reproductive period say from around 12 years to around 45 - 50 years , generally one egg is released every 28 days or so alternately from two ovaries. In female there is the occurrence of one pair of ovary - right and left ovary. Suppose if in the first  menstrual cycle, right ovary produces the egg than left ovary at that moment remains silent and in the next  menstrual cycle left ovary will release the egg where as the right ovary remains silent. Generally female remain fertile for around 32 years and about 13 eggs mature each year.

The menstrual cycle in human being lasts 28 days. The days are numbered from the first day of the blood flow in the menstrual period. So these cycle events from the first day is called the Menstrual cycle The menstrual cycle in humane female is divided into three phases: 

 1)Follicular or Proliferating Phase 

 2)Luteal or Secretory Phase

 3)Menstrual or Bleeding Phase

In all these above phases Endometrium layer lining the uterus develops, Huge number of hormone secretion occurs, Ovary becomes ready to release an  egg and if the egg is not fertilised then the endometrium starts breaking down.  

PATH FINDER

 

SUNIRAM ENGTI: This is a true and inspiring story of a young boy who in the midst of all hurdles and constraints emerged as the real world challenger. Suniram Engti , an alumni of Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya (NEEPCO), Umrangso (Passed his XII Arts in 2016) now not only confines within Umrangso or Dima Hasao district of Assam but also known very well in different parts of the world among the Karate circles. As a teacher of Vivekananda Kendra Viyalaya ( NEEPCO), Umrangso it gives me immense pleasure , happiness and pride to find his name labelled with the greatest Karatekas of the globe. This is not because he is bringing medals for India but there is another part linked with it and I need to touch upon  that.

                                                                               

Suniram Engti is the eldest son of  Jongdang  Engti and Kajir Rongpipi. His father Jongdang Engti is the gardener of our Vidyalaya.

Geographically, economically and from other aspects, Dima Hasao is remote and less developed than other parts of Assam; and when we come to Umrangso it is rated much lower than Haflong in DimaHasao district. Road conditions linking Umrangso with Guwahati, Shillong and Silchar always remain in woeful condition; making it even poorer. But Suniram’s resident is not in Umrangso it is around 8 Km away from VKV(NEEPCO), Umrangso - in a village called Boralonglai. Condition of the villagers is generally in “Hand To Mouth Existence” and only a counted few are serving as Grade D employee in some organisations. Educational awareness is lacking among the villagers as their primary and only need remains procurement of food.

I have seen Suniram from his infancy. Walking a long distance of  8 Km  to the school and return home after school was his regular phenomenon. By the time Suniram reached his senior secondary classes, he used to take 30min to cover the hilly road of 8 Km to reach school. So I believe these were the building blocks which materialized later on to make him strong. His daily routine was filled with other things like ploughing, farming and selling the agricultural produce in the market.These I would like to put in the first place of the ladder that helped him secure medals.

Those days, during his schooling; Karate was introduced as a co-curriculum subject. Karate classes did not continue for more than 3 years but those classes created an impression in the child Suniram’s mind. Every morning he used to get up early and practised Karate – Kata, Kick, Yoga for long hours. As it remained a continued process for him and eventually his lickings, Hobby got converted to aim and goal in life. The boy understood the financial constraints of his family and the locality and that may be the another reason which I believe made him stronger and determined to do something big for his family in specific  and locality in general. So, these I would like to put in the second place of the ladder that helped him secure medals.

As a student, Suniram was a mediocre, very obedient and down to earth . His words were very gentle and he had utmost respect towards his teachers. This I believe is above all, the most important ingredient to achieve success in life. His teachers’ blessings and good wishes always worked silently for him.

Later on,  Suniram took more hardship to develop himself in the field of Karate. Presently he is holding Karate Black Belt 2^nd Dan.  His instructors are  Md. Siraj Ahmed from India( National Chief Instructor) and Soke Fukuda Hirotaka , Chief Instructor  Japan. Presently Suniram is appointed as  N.E. INDIA chief instructor

A  Glimpse of his Achievements:

1)     In 2012 he represented Vivekananda Kendra Vidyalaya(NEEPCO) Umrangso and secured Bronze medal in All India Karate Championship , which was held in Tezpur Assam .

2)       28^TH April 2019 , won Bronze Medal  in South Asian Karate Championship held  in New Delhi.

3)     From 23^rd to 26^th August 2019, participated in Kumite(fight) in World Karate Championship which was held in Tokyo, Japan. There he was adjourned as the Best Discipline Fighting Award.

4)      From 5^th to 10^th October 2019, he participated  in the International Karate Championship  which was held in Kula Lumpur, Malaysia. He secured there real GOLD MEDAL by defeating Philippine in 2:3 points.

5)      He got selection for World Karate Championship , 2020. The event was supposed to be held from July 10^th 2020 in FLORIDA , USA but it was cancelled because of corona pandemic.

So this Umrangso boy needs every body’s motivation and wishes to fly our tri colour in foreign land. Hope, he might bring more laurels for our motherland in the near future.

 

 

By - Santanu Nandi Purkayastha

 

SICKEL CELL ANAEMIA

 Sickle Cell Anaemia : Sickle cell anaemia is an autosome linked recessive disease. Here in this disease both male and female can become diseased or both may be carrier depending upon the presence of  infected gene/s .Here in this context we need to know two words homozygous and heterozygous. Homozygous individual are those when two  chromosomes have the infected gene ie. HbS and HbS and in case of Hetrozygous individual their two chromosomes are arranged as HbS and HbN.                                           Here HbS is characterised by sickle condition and HbN is normal. 

Human blood cells are Biconcave disc shape, which maximises the surface area of the cell membrane for oxygen . But in case of sickle cell Anaemia cell take the shape of a Sickle and it become difficult for the blood capillaries to transport those cells. In such condition the person suffers from oxygen tension. Genetically it is a point mutation where a change of single base pair in the gene for beta globin chain that results in the change of amino acid residue glutamate to valine.