LUNG CAPACITY

Comparative study on capacity of lungs of normal people and smokers under different age: 

Lungs are the vital organ of the body. Lungs occurs in pair and are spongy and it is located on the either side of the chest. The lungs are covered by a thin tissue layer called pleura. A thin layer of fluid is also present which acts as a lubricant allowing the lungs to slip smoothly as they expand and contract with each breath. Air enters our lungs through nostrils, then trachea and bronchi and helps in the exchange of gases. Lungs are also important organ for the purification of blood. Lung volume  and the lung capacity refer to the volume of air in the lungs at different phases of the respiratory cycle. The average lung capacity of an adult human male is about 6 litres of air. The average human respiratory rate is 30 -60 breaths per minute at birth, then decreasing to 12 -20 breaths per minute in adults.

This is a survey based project which was undertaken to know the lung capacity of people in different age groups. Along with the different age groups, another division was made in each group that is of addiction like smoking, alcoholic etc  to find if there is any variation in lung capacity.

OBJECTIVE:

1)      To find the lung capacity of people under different age groups.

2)      To compare the lung capacity of normal and healthy people with that of smokers and addicted.

RESEARCH QUESTIONS:

1)      Lung capacity of smoker is less or more?

2)      Why the smokers have less stamina?

3)      Why smokers and addicted people become tired very quickly ?

4)      How lung capacity can be increased?

5)      Is the physical work efficiency of a normal and healthy person related to lung capacity?

METHODOLOGY

Ø  For doing this Project we have taken long polythene tube/bag of 100 cm

Ø  Then we conducted survey with the polythene tube

Ø  We asked people to blow air  at a single instance

Ø  Next we took the measurement of the inflated portion of the polythene tube

Ø  Then finally we took out the volume from the measurement that we obtain

Ø  In this way we took the measurement of number of people under  different age group.

1)      First of all we took out the circumference

Then the radius taken out by using formula 2πr

Then the volume formula was used = 2 πr²h

Suppose a person blown air of 65 cm then

Circumference of polythene = 22 cm

Then the radius will be = 3.5 or 7/2

Now putting the value

The volume formula 2πr²h

=2 x 3.14 x3.5 x 3.5 x 65

=38.5 x 65

=2502.5 cm³

^{LUNG CAPACITY OF NON SMOKERS}

Age group : 16 to 30 years (group A)

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	19/8/19	Biban Jidung	17	2502.5cm3	65cm
2	19/8/19	Joshwa	17	2733.5cm3	71cm
3	19/8/19	Bijit Naiding	17	2645.5cm3	69cm
4	19/8/19	Vivek Patwary	16	2541cm3	66cm
5	19/8/19	Pallav Jyoti Gogoi	16	2618cm3	68cm
6	19/8/19	John Hanse	22	2425.5cm3	63cm
7	19/8/19	Pale Saithuvai	29	2695cm3	70cm
8	19/8/19	Rolin Saithuvai	24	2387cm3	62cm
9	19/8/19	Lavi Saithuvai	22	2541.5cm3	66cm
10	19/8/19	Rahul Thapa	26	2579.5cm3	67cm

Age group : 31 to 45 years (group B)

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	21/8/19	J.T Lian Vaichai	42	2117.5cm	55cm
2	21/8/19	Bongthoi Thinphun	38	2156.5cm	56cm
3	21/8/19	D.S lian	40	2310cm	60cm
4	21/8/19	Sanga Saithuvai	32	2271.5m	59cm
5	21/8/19	L.T lily	36	2425.5cm	63cm
6	21/8/19	Payal Dutta	31	2194.5cm	57cm
7	21/8/19	Sanju Pradhan	43	2271.5cm	59cm
8	21/8/19	Rohan Enghi	34	2348.5cm	61cm
9	21/8/19	Roshan Nath	39	2464cm	64cm
10	21/8/19	Ricky Singh	32	2040.5cm	53cm

 Age group: 46 to 60 (group C )

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	23/10/19	S.N Thang	52	1809.5cm3	47cm
2	23/10/19	Abisheck Rai	56	1617cm3	42cm
3	23/10/19	Mycle Rai	48	1540cm3	40cm
4	23/10/19	Rahul Saithuvai	49	1694cm3	44cm
5	23/10/19	Ajit Pradhan	46	1886.5cm3	49cm
6	23/10/19	Krish Chowdhury	59	1501.5cm3	39cm
7	23/10/19	William Saithuvai	54	1655.5cm3	43cm
8	23/10/19	Roshan Paslin	56	1578.5cm3	41cm
9	23/10/19	Rohit Phancho	52	1617cm3	42cm
10	23/10/19	Manju Phancho	51	1694cm3	44cm

 

 LUNG CAPACITY OF  SMOKERS 

Age group : 16 to 30 years (group D )

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	25/11/19	Redian Hasnu	21	2156cm3	56cm
2	25/11/19	Roshan Rai	23	1848.5cm3	48cm
3	25/11/19	Pronesh Kemprai	26	1809.5cm3	47cm
4	25/11/19	Lian Neibom	19	2002cm3	52cm
5	25/11/19	John Lama	28	1732.5cm3	45cm
6	25/11/19	Jacob Saithuvai	29	2040.5cm3	53cm
7	25/11/19	Ankit Nag	25	2194.5cm3	57cm
8	25/11/19	Ayan Rai	21	1963.5cm3	51cm
9	25/11/19	Arjun Mogor	23	2117.5cm3	55cm
10	25/11/19	Bishnu Raya	26	2271.5cm3	59cm

 

Age group : 31 to 45 years (group E )

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	25/11/19	Rahul Nath	33	1809.5cm3	47cm
2	25/11/19	Aman Kemprai	35	1732.5cm3	45cm
3	25/11/19	Joiring Hojai	32	1848cm3	48cm
4	25/11/19	Bishnu Rai	33	1694cm3	44cm
5	25/11/19	Utam Sharma	44	1771cm3	46cm
6	25/11/19	Ram Rai	41	1655.5cm3	43cm
7	25/11/19	Simanta Nath	34	1578.5cm3	41cm
8	25/11/19	Vivek Sharma	36	1617cm3	42cm
9	25/11/19	Joyjit Warisa	35	1655.5cm3	43cm
10	25/11/19	Rohit Kemprai	38	1655.5cm3	43cm

 Age group: 46 to 60 (group F )

SL	Date	Name	Age	Volume	Cm
1	23/10/19	S.N Thang	52	1809.5cm3	47cm
2	23/10/19	Abisheck Rai	56	1617cm3	42cm
3	23/10/19	Mycle Rai	48	1540cm3	40cm
4	23/10/19	Rahul Saithuvai	49	1694cm3	44cm
5	23/10/19	Ajit PraSdhan	46	1886.5cm3	49cm
6	23/10/19	Krish Chowdhury	59	1501.5cm3	39cm
7	23/10/19	William Saithuvai	54	1655.5cm3	43cm
8	23/10/19	Roshan Paslin	56	1578.5cm3	41cm
9	23/10/19	Rohit Phancho	52	1617cm3	42cm
10	23/10/19	Manju Phancho	51	1694cm3	44cm

 

 Average lung capacity of different age groups that we have surveyed

(group A to C are normal people and from group D to F are smoker of drug addicted)

GROUP A (age group  16 to 30 years age) ─2568.05cm³

GROUP B (age group  31 to 45 years age) ─2259.9cm³

GROUP C  (age group 46 to 60 years age─ 1661.2cm³

GROUP D  (age group  15 to 30 years age)─2013.6cm³

GROUP E  (age group  31 to 45 years age )─1701.7cm³

GROUP F  (age group 46 to 60 years age)─1362.9cm³

So it can be concluded that the lung capacity of smokers, addicted etc. is much less than the lung capacity of the people in their age group.

Lung capacity can be increased through Pranayam and Yoga

 

 

Special thanks to my students:

Prescott Telengsing

Suhas Nandi Purkayastha

Dimpal Gogoi

 

 

 

 

 

EXCRETION :

 

EXCRETION IN HUMAN BEINGS: Excretion is a process of removing the harmful metabolic waste from the body. Human body has number of organs which throws out the excretory wastes from the body like- Skin throws out sweat, Lungs throws out carbon dioxide, Kidneys throws out nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid and so on. But when we define excretory system we speak about number of organs involved there.

Excretory system in human beings consists of one pair of kidney, one pair of ureter, one urinary bladder and one urethra.

Kidney filters the waste products from the blood. Nitrogenous wastes like urea and uric acid are removed from the blood in the kidneys.

Kidneys are bean shaped structure, reddish brown and are placed in the lower abdominal cavity.

Functional unit of kidney is the Nephron just like the alveoli which is the functional unit of lungs. Each kidney has nearly one million Nephron. A nephron is a complex tubular structure, it is divided into following parts- Bowman’s capsule, Proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle’s , Distal convoluted tubule and finally collecting tubule.

The main function of the nephron is to filter the blood. In this process nephron returns to the body essential food materials but throws out the waste from the body.

Essential materials that are returned by the nephron and absorbed by the body are – Glucose, Vitamins, Minerals, Salts, Amino acids, etc. and the non  essential materials that are thrown out from the body are nitrogenous wastes like – urea , uric acid etc. along with water.

As we find in case of Lungs –alveoli which are surrounded by blood capillaries, same way kidney-nephrons  are also surrounded  by blood capillaries and help in the process of filtration.

A pair of ureter which is present in the excretory system connects kidneys with that of Urinary bladder. It is a tube like structure.

Urinary bladder is a muscular sac like structure, where urine gets accumulated  and moment it is filled up then by the process of micturition the urine is thrown out from the body (urinary bladder)through  Urethra.

EXCRETION IN PLANTS: In case of plants oxygen can also be considered as the excretory products.

Plants get rid of excess of water by the process of transpiration. 

In case of plants excretory products are stored as resins and gums. In most cases wastes are stored in leaves that fall off.

                                                         

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APICULTURE: UMRANGSO

APICULTURE: Collection of honey from wild bee colonies is one of the most ancient human activities and is still practiced in almost all parts of the world. Some of the earliest evidence of gathering honey from wild colonies is found in the rock painting dated to around 13.000 B.C. In Dima Hasao district of Assam mainly in Umrangso, it is practiced in moderate level and the people are also able to generate their livelihood from it.

 

Honey bees are collected from the forest areas along with their bee hives. A small portion of the beehives is kept in the trees or in the rocks so that the Honey bees can build their beehives again.

In Umrangso , rearing and extraction of Honey is done in wooden boxes made from  tree trunks. The wooden box consists of two holes on either side for the extraction of honey. It remains covered by a piece of wood when honey is not extracted. A narrow small opening is kept in the wooden box made from the trunk for the easy movement of the bees from Inside to  outside and vice versa.

Externally wooden box is coated with a layer of cow dung so that the bee hives and bees can be protected from their enemies like-wax moth(Galleria mollonella),wasp,Black ant(Componotus compressces) ,Bee eater(Morops sp.), King crow ( Dicrurus macrocerus) .

Wooden boxes are kept undisturbed for time period of three months, so that the honey bees get sufficient time to rebuild their hives.

A single honey comb is divided into several compartments called cells which are separated by wax- plates. The wax is secreted by a pair of wax gland placed vertically in the abdomen of the bees. The nectar collected is temporarily stored in the stomach of the alimentary canal. Salivary gland converts the sucrose of the nectar into glucose and fructose. Glucose and fructose when come out, it get concentrated by the process of evaporation and leads to the formation of honey.

At the time of extraction of honey, a burning fire or smoke is brought near the hole of the wooden box so that the bees leave their hive.

       

The most common species of honey bee that is reared extensively is Apis indica. Other than Apis indica- Apis mellifera, Apis dorsata and Apis florea are also reared for honey. Honey has an excellent nutritive content. It contains high percentage of amino acids, vitamins, minerals, glucose, fructose, enzymes etc. It also acts as an antioxidants and also has an anti inflammatory and anti bacterial property.

Shri Lal Bahadur Chetri a leading beekeeper of this locality(Umrangso)stressed upon the need for the development of a market in Umrangso. He has been practising the rearing of bees and extracting of honey from last 40 years. It is the only source of livelihood for him. At present he has 100 boxes for rearing bees. One box in average yields him eight to ten big bottles of honey, which he then sells to the big companies in Nepal, Sikkim, Darjeeling and other near places. While sharing his experience he informed that five verities of bees are cultivated in Umrangso of which he is rearing four verities, he named them as Mouri, Putko, Kothauri.

Shri Chetri expressed that a cultivator need to have the knowledge of following things  to accelerate his productivity –

a)      Knowledge of nature and habits of bees.

b)      Selection of suitable location for keeping bee hives.

c)      Catching and hiving of swarms.

d)      Handling and collecting honey and

Special Thanks To : Shri Lal Bahadur Chetri, Lamu Singh Warkade

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KARBI FISHING FESTIVAL: UMRANGSO

 Karbi fishing festival is one of the most celebrated festivals of Umrangso. It is celebrated on 6^th April every year. Karbi people living in Dima Hasao or in different parts of Assam come together to celebrate this grand festival.  Karbi fishing festival is celebrated in the golf field, Umrangso where Kopili River passes by.

Karbi fishing festival also has a strong story and message to deliver. It dates   thousands of years earlier when people were localized in an area and had certain rules and regulations developed for the well being of clans in their community. People belonging to a clan considered all the members as their brothers and sisters, and therefore marriage was strictly prohibited within the clan. For example different clans like Hanse, Engti, Timung etc.- they were not allowed to marry within one clan. Like Hanse – Hanse  or Engti – Engti were prohibited to marry but marriage was solemnized between Hanse- Timung or Engti- Hanse  or vice versa. If in those days, couple belonging to a clan fall in love with each other and got married, then they had to meet strict disciplinary action. Muzadhar of the village or the Gaon bura immediately used to call for OKPRU. Okpru is a karbi word, means community fishing. Both the couple were then tied and thrown in a river. They were then termed as fish and villagers like fishermen used to catch them. After that villagers used to beat them, thrash them, drag them in water and ultimately led to death of the couple.

     

But thing started changing when Karbi King Torte Rengbonghom’s son had fallen for a girl of same clan and then the king withdrawn the death plenty to safeguard his son but isolated the couple from the village and the community. The couple had nothing to do in the community or for the community.

Okpru( fishing festival) underwent a lot of change to fit itself with the changing time. There was evolution of Okpru along with the evolving human mind. Only some years past, the site where Okpru( fishing festival) was organized, a platform was given to youths to catch fish there and then the caught fish if they would put in the bag (huk) of the girl according to their likings then villagers used to bless those couples for marriage. But rule remained the same that no marriage should be within a clan.

Presently Okpru ( fishing festival) is organized keeping in mind the traditional, cultural  and religious belief which  passed to them, in one hand and on the other hand they kept the adventure and fun linked with it like -boating, some traditional sports, food and invitees to the fishing festival as guests and chief guest. To initiate the fishing festival now a days,  Goan bura, elderly people and pujari of the locality perform  puja, they are the first ones who give  HIRU to the river water. Hiru is a karbi word means poison – which is secreted from the woody plant. This Hiru makes the fishes senseless for about 2 to 3 hours which helps easy the villagers to catch fish. After the process is completed by the elderly people and Goan bura , then the rest can go for fishing.

Okpru(fishing festival) is also differently celebrated in various Moza(locality). For example in Langku and Longtar area,  Okpru(fishing festival) is different from that of Amri area that is Umrangso.

Special Thanks to Jai Singh Durong

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DIGESTION IN HUMAN BEINGS:

 DIGESTION IN HUMAN BEINGS: Digestion in human beings starts in the mouth and ends in the Anus.At first  food is taken in the mouth cavity with the help of a bite. That bite is given by our teeth and after that food is chewed . When the grinding of the food takes place salivary amylase secreted by the salivary gland is acted over the food and turn the food into paste. This process of converting the solid food into a paste is called Mastication. Out the most vital six components of our food, Carbohydrates digestion starts in the mouth. 

From the mouth cavity the food then reaches the oesophagus. This partial digested food  which enters the oesophagus is known as Bolus. Oesophagus then undergo contraction and expansion which helps the food to reach the stomach.

In the stomach digestion of Protein takes place but the final protein digestion occurs in the small intestine. Stomach has in it gastric juice, H.Cl and mucous. There is also the occurrence of a type of bacteria in our stomach called   E.coli. H.Cl provides acidic medium in the stomach  for the digestion of protein. Gastric juice mainly contains proteolytic enzymes.

Partial digested food from the stomach that reaches the intestine is called as chyme.

Liver is the largest gland of our body. It has in it gall bladder. Gall bladder stores bile produced in the liver. At the time of digestion bile passes to the small intestine, Bile does not contain any enzyme.Bile helps in the emulsification of fats

In the small intestine final digestion of all the food materials take place. Pancreas which is positioned just above the small intestine produces pancreatic juice. At the time of digestion pancreatic juice reaches the small intestine. So all together small intestine contains - intestinal juice, which is produced by it, Pancreatic juice from Pancreas and the bile from the liver.

Finally the complex food ie. Protein, carbohydrates and Fats get digested in the small intestine. Undigested food are thrown out from the body.

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MICROSPORANGIUM AND MICROSPOROGENESIS

 Microsporangium and Microsporogenesis: - Male reproductive parts of a flower is called  Androecium. Parts of androecium are called stamens. A stamen generally has two parts anther and filament. If we make a transverse section through the anther we find it has four lobes each lobe has a sac like structure called pollen sac. Pollen sac contains in it pollen grains. 

Pollen sac are known by another name called Microsporangium. Externally the microsporangium is covered by a layer called Epidermis.Below the epidermis there is the occurance of Hypodermis. One of the hypodermal cell become very prominent with bigger cell, dense cytoplasm and is called as Archesporial cell.

Archesporial cell.undergo division to form two cells called Primary parietal cell and Primary sporogeneous cell.

Cells that are formed from the archesporial cell undergo anticlinial and periclinal division.

Due to this division of the Primary parital cell forms Endothecium, Middle layer and Tapetum.  Primary sporogeneous cell.leads to the formation of sporogenous tissue.

So total layers that are formed are  - Epidermis, Endothecium, Middle layer , Tapetum.  and the sporogenous tissue. 

All of these layers have a distinct role to play in the process of  microsporogenesis.

Sporogenous tissue which is formed of Primary sporogenous cell plays an important role in the formation of spore. One of the cell of the sporogenous tissue develops bigger and denser than  that rest and is known as MMC ie. Microspore mother cell.The cell undergo meiosis to form four cells and forms Microspores,

         

         

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